Antimicrobial resistance represents one of the major global threats to health and development. Mutations are the driving force of evolution, but their phenotype is defined by the existing molecular mechanisms inside cells. By focusing not only on the mutations that lead to adaptation, but also on those that do not, mechanisms that constrain evolution can […]
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Basics of Synthetic DNA and Gene Synthesis Artificial DNA synthesis, a fundamental tool of synthetic biology, enables scientists to create DNA molecules of virtually any sequence without a template. Construction begins with the base-by-base synthesis of oligonucleotides (oligos), followed by assembly into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments. These custom DNA fragments can be used directly, cloned […]
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Antibodies are specialized proteins produced by the immune system that bind and neutralize foreign invaders such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), composed of unique pairs of heavy and light chains, have been widely used by researchers to target antigens with high specificity. They have various applications in the diagnosis and treatment of […]
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The strength of any display-based antibody discovery program hinges on its library. While all library types have the potential to generate antibodies with high affinity and specificity, they differ in how reliably leads generated from the screening process can be converted into viable candidates during development. The diversity (quantity of and variety between library sequences), functionality (capability […]
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